Lecture Notes: Strings

A string is a series of alphanumeric characters in a character data type. A string is defined by grouping series of character with single or double quotes. A plus sign (+) is used to concatenate multiple character strings. A numeric string is still alphanumeric characters until it has been converted to a numeric data type. An arithmetic operation against an numeric string will still cause a trace back error.

Slicing of Strings

A slice is a character or a series of character within a string. A string slice is defined by the index operator, square brackets ‘[ ]’. Indexes (or subs) are integers or numeric expression staring with 0.

MySlice = sliceofdata[beginning position:’up to’ position].

beginning position first position of the slice. The index starts with zero ‘up to’ position last position of the slice plus one or up to but not including.

Builtin String Functions

len

For our purpose returns the length the string.

.find():

    Use the .find() function when you want to know the position of a character or a sub string  within a string. 
         To find the position of the "3" in the string "0123456": 
         data="0123456"
         pos=data.find('3')
         print pos
         >3

         To find the position of "l" in "realmadrid":
         word="realmadrid"
         pos=word.find('l')
         print pos
         >3

         To find the position of 'cd' in the string 'abcdef'
         word = 'abcdef'
         pos = word.find('cd')
         print pos
         >2

       (Note: an error you may get is "Expected character buffer," which can happen if you omit the quotation marks from your string.)

.upper():

    Use the .upper() function to capitalize each character in the given string.
        data='Hello Python'
        capdata=data.upper()
        print capdata
        >HELLO PYTHON

.replace()

    Use the .replace()to search and replace a character or letter in a given string.
        data='Hello Python'
        rpld=data.replace("Python","Leo")
        print rpld
        >Hello Leo

.lower()

        Use the .lower() function to convert the sting to the lower case.
        data='Hello Python'
        capdata=data.lower()
        print capdata
        >hello python

.startswith()

        Use the .startswith() function to check if the string begin with that character or not.
        data='Hello Python'
        print data.startswith('H')
        >True

.rstrip()

        Use the .rstrip() function <without any parameters> to remove any additional white spaces
        , ' ', from the right side of the calling string.
        data1 = 'Python is cool    '
        data2 = 'Yay'
        print data1.rstrip() + data2
        >Python is coolYay

.lstrip()

.strip() something more about .strip() method I have assign to variable var = test new line $ print var.strip() test new line

.strip also removes the new line character at the end of the string.

.startswith()

dir isn’t a method in the str type in python; dir is rather a free function that can be used with any variable/type to know what methods are supported on this variable/type.

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Some basic notes

To find all functions which can be used for a string, you can do following fruit = ‘banana’ dir(fruit) <— this will give you all functions which can be applied on string. Or you can just do dir(str).

Immutable: When you apply function on a string (say fruit.upper()) then a new copy of original string with modifications as per function is provided. Original string remains intact.

Additional Notes: a better (?) way to join strings with variables

Python offers a cleaner way to join variables inside strings. Follow the example

name = “Karl”

age = “30”

print name + ” is ” + age + ” years old”

could be replaced with the much simpler (method called string interpolation)

print “%s is %d years old” % (name, age) — % is an operator that will allow us to replace the %s with a literal or the value of a variable

Above syntax gives an "TypeError: %d format: a number is required, not str"
print "%s is %d years old" % (name, int(age)) --Added int conversion

Since Python 2.6 (and including Python 3), an interpolation method named #format is available.

sample text: “This line of {} is being used to demonstrate the #format {}.”.format(‘text’, ‘method’)

yields: “this line of text is being used to demonstrate the #format method.

This method is powerful, flexible, and intuitive.

Can we say that “join strings with variables” is a concatenation?

I think this is a better way to concatenate variables of different data types all at the same time. Like for example in this case we are concatenating name with age and if age was a decimal value it would still work fine.

name = ‘john’

age = 36

print “%s is %d years old” %(name,age)

Chapter 6 Exercises

The above page is intended as a place for students to work out solutions and answers to the exercises from the textbook. Please do not post answers to exercises that are actual graded assignments.

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